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The abdominal exam, in medicine, is performed as part of a physical examination, or when a patient presents with abdominal pain or a history that suggests an abdominal pathology. The abdominal exam has conventionally been split into different stages: * Positioning of the patient and their environment. * Inspection of the patient and their anterior and posterior abdomen. * Auscultation of the abdomen with a stethoscope. * Palpation of the patient's abdomen and its organs. * Percussion of the patient's abdomen. * Special tests inspecting for signs of various liver diseases. When accompanying other physicians or students, medical staff typically report as they examine a patient. An example normal examination may include: * adjustment of environment * "on inspection, the abdomen is non-distended and there are no signs of liver disease" * "bowel sounds are present" * "the abdomen is soft and non-tender, with no organomegaly" * "no rebound tenderness" ==Positioning and Environment== Position is patient should be supine and the bed or examination table should be flat. The patient's hands should remain at his/her sides with his/her head resting on a pillow. If the neck is flexed, the abdominal musculature becomes tensed and the examination made more difficult. Allowing the patient to bend his/her knees so that the soles of their feet rest on the table will also relax the abdomen. Lighting is adjusted so that it is ideal. Patient should be exposed from the pubic symphysis below to the costal margin above - in women to just below the breasts. Some surgeons would describe an abdominal examination being from nipples to knees. Although physicians have had concern that giving patients pain medications during acute abdominal pain may hinder diagnosis and treatment, separate systematic reviews by the Cochrane Collaboration and the (Rational Clinical Examination ) refute this. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abdominal examination」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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